니은서점 2024 생각학교 도서

“ The thesis to be elaborated in these pages is that a sharp distinction must be drawn between the moral and social behavior of individuals and of social groups, national, racial, and economic; and that this distinction justifies and necessitates political policies which a purely individualistic ethic must always find embarrassing. ”

“ In every human group there is less reason to guide and check impulse, less capacity for self-transcendence, less ability to comprehend the needs of others and therefore more unrestrained egoism than the individuals, who compose the group, reveal in their personal relationships. ”

“ The physical sciences gained their freedom when they overcame the traditionalism based on ignorance, but the traditionalism which the social sciences face is based upon the economic interest of the dominant social classes who are trying to maintain their special privileges in society. ”

“ Since reason is always, to some degree, the servant of interest in a social situation, social injustice cannot be resolved by moral and rational suasion alone, as the educator and social scientist usually believes. Conflict is inevitable, and in this conflict power must be challenged by power. ”

“ The world of history, particularly in man's collective behavior, will never be conquered by reason, unless reason uses tools, and is itself driven by forces which are not rational. ”

“ What is lacking among all these moralists, whether religious or rational, is an understanding of the brutal character of the behavior of all human collectives, and the power of self-interest and collective egoism in all intergroup relations. ”

“ They do not see that the limitations of the human imagination, the easy subservience of reason to prejudice and passion, and the consequent persistence of irrational egoism, particularly in group behavior, make social conflict an inevitability in human history, probably to its very end. ”

“ ... men have made comparatively but little progress in solving the problem of their aggregate existence. ”

“ However much human ingenuity may increase the treasures which nature provides for the satisfaction of human needs, they can never be sufficient to satisfy all human wants; for man, unlike other creatures, is gifted and cursed with an imagination which extends his appetites beyond the requirements of subsistence. Human society will never escape the problem of the equitable distribution of the physical and cultural goods which provide for the preservation and fulfillment of human life. ”

“ any kind of significant social power develops social inequality ... it is impossible to justify the degree of inequality which complex societies inevitably create by the increased centralization of power which develops with more elaborate civilizations. ”

“ The men of power who control society grant these perquisites to themselves. ... The justifications are usually dictated by the desire of the men of power to hide the nakedness of their greed, and by the inclination of society itself to veil the brutal facts of human life from itself. This is a rather pathetic but understandable inclination; since the facts of man's collective life easily rob the average individual of confidence in the human enterprise. ”

“ The fact that the hypocrisy of man's group behavior, ... expresses itself not only in terms of self-justification but in terms of moral justification of human behavior in general, symbolizes one of the tragedies of the human spirit: its inability to conform its collective life to its individual ideals. ”

“ 여기에서 다루게 될 주제는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개인의 도덕적-사회적 행위는 사회 집단(...)의 도덕적-사회적 행위와 엄격하게 구별되어야 한다. 둘째, 이 구별은 순전히 개인적인 윤리로는 제대로 파악할 수 없는 정치 영역들을 정당화시켜 준다. ”

“ 모든 인간의 집단은 개인과 비교할 때 충동을 올바르게 인도하고 때에 따라 억제할 수 있는 이성과 자기 극복 능력, 그리고 다른 사람들의 욕구를 수용하는 능력이 훨씬 결여되어 있다. 게다가 집단을 구성하는 개인들이 개인적 관계에서 보여주는 것에 비해 훨씬 심한 이기주의가 모든 집단에서 나타난다. ”

“ 현대의 교육가와 도덕가들이 저지른 가장 큰 잘못은, 우리가 겪는 사회적 어려움들은 오늘날의 기술 문명을 창조해낸 자연과학에 사회과학이 보조를 맞추지 못한 데서 비롯되었다고 생각한 점이다. ”

“ 자연과학은 무지에 바탕을 둔 전통주의(traditionalism)를 극복했을 때 자유를 얻었다. 그런데 사회과학이 직면하고 있는 전통주의는 사회에서 특권을 유지하려는 지배 계급의 경제적 이해에 바탕을 두고 있다. ”

“ 인간의 이성은 항상 어느 정도는 사회적 상황 내에서 이해 관계의 노예이기 때문에, 사회 불의는 교육가와 사회과학자들이 일반적으로 믿고 있는 바와 같이 도덕적이고 합리적인 권고만으로는 해결될 수 없다. 갈등은 불가피하다. 이러한 갈등 상황에서는 힘에 대해 힘으로 맞서는 수 밖에 없다. ”

“ 인간의 집단적 행동에 의해 형성되는 역사 세계는 이성이 도구를 사용하지 않으면 이성에 의해 결코 정복되지 않을 것이며, 사실 역사 세계 자체는 이성적이지 않은 세력들에 의해 추진되고 있다. ”